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Atlas Florae Europaeae. 1998. Computer program available for download at URL=http://www.helsinki.fi/kmus/afe.html, accessed 12-May-1999.
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D.K. Bailey and F.G. Hawksworth. 1988. Phytogeography and taxonomy of the pinyon pines. Pp. 41-64 in M.-F. Passini et al. (eds.), Il Simposio Nacional sobre pinos piñoneros. CEMCA, Chapingo, Mexico D.F.
Barbetti, M., Bird, T., Dolezal, G., Taylor, G., Francey, R., Cook, E., Peterson, M. 1995. Radiocarbon variations from Tasmanian conifers: Results from three early Holocene logs.
Benson, Lyman. 1959. Plant classification. Lexington, Massachusetts: D.C. Heath & Co.
Boland, D.J.; M.I.H. Brooker; G.M.Chippendale; N. Hall; B.P.M. Hyland; Johnston, R.D.; Kleinig, D.A. and Jurner, J.D. 1985. Forest trees of Australia. Melbourne: Nelson, CSIRO.
The Botanical Inventory of Taiwan is an online database: link here.
Brako and Zarucchi. Catalog of the flowering plants and gymnosperms of Peru.
Brown, Peter M. 1996. OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages. P. 727-731 in Dean, J.S., D.M. Meko and T.W. Swetnam, eds., "Tree rings, environment, and humanity." Radiocarbon 1996, Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson.
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Canadian Forestry Service. 1983. Reproduction of conifers. Forest. Techn. Pub. Canad. Forest. Serv. 31.
Candolle, A.L.P. de. 1868. Cycadaceae. In: A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. de Candolle, eds. 1823--1873. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis.... Paris etc. Vol. 16, part 2, pp. 522-547.
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Carlquist, Sherwin. 1996. Wood, bark and stem anatomy of New World species of Gnetum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 1-19.
Carlson, Clinton E. 1965. Interspecific hybridization of Larix occidentalis and Larix lyallii. M.Sc.F. thesis. University of Montana.
Carlson, Clinton E.; Cates, Rex G.; Spencer, Stanley C. 1991. Foliar terpenes of a putative hybrid swarm (Larix occidentalis × Larix lyallii) in western Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21:876-881.
Chamberlain, Charles Joseph. 1919. The living cycads. Chicago: The University of Chicago press.
Very readable source on cycads.
Corner, E.J.H. 1988. Wayside trees of Malaya. Malayan Nature Society.
Critchfield, William B. and Elbert L. Little. 1966. Geographic distribution of the pines of the world." U.S.D.A. Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 991.
Dallimore, William, Albert Bruce Jackson, and S.G. Harrison. 1967. A handbook of Coniferae and Ginkgoaceae, 4th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press. xix, 729 p.
Dunwiddie, Peter. 1979. Dendrochronological studies of indigenous New Zealand trees. New Zealand Journal of Botany 17:251-266.
Dyer, R.A. 1965. The cycads of southern Africa. Bothalia 8: 404-415.
Earle, Christopher J. 1993. Forest dynamics in a forest-tundra ecotone, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Elias, Thomas S. 1987. The complete trees of North America; a field guide and natural history. NY: Gramercy Publ. Co.
One of the most comprehensive sources for this part of the planet.
Elmore, Francis H. and Jeanne R. Janish. 1976. Shrubs and trees of the Southwest uplands. Tucson: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association.
Highly recommended as a field guide for botanical neophytes in the American southwest. Sold at nearly all National Parks in the area, as well as bookstores.
Farjon, A. 1984. Pines: drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Farjon, A. 1989. A second revision of the genus Keteleeria Carrière (Taxonomic notes on Pinaceae II). Notes of the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh 46(1):81-99.
Farjon, A. 1990. A bibliography of conifers. Königstein. [Regnum Veg. 122.]
Farjon, A. 1990. Pinaceae: drawings and descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea. Königstein: Koeltz Scientific Books.
An extraordinary book. This and the preceding (1984) volume on Pinus describe and provide outstanding line drawings for every species in the Pinaceae. I can only add that Farjon is currently working on a volume to be titled"Cupressaceae."
Farjon, A. 1992. The taxonomy of multiseed junipers (Juniperus Sect. Sabina) in southwest Asia and east Africa (Taxonomic notes on Cupressaceae I). Edinburgh Journal of Botany 49: 251-283.
Farjon, A., C.N. Page and N. Schellevis. 1993. A preliminary world list of threatened conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 2: 304-326.
Farjon, A., and B.T. Styles. 1997. Pinus (Pinaceae). Flora Neotropica Monograph 75. New York, NY: The New York Botanical Garden.
Farjon, Aljos. 1998. World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Richmond, U.K.: Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew.
Fassett, N.C. 1945. Juniperus virginiana, J. horizontalis, and J. scopulorum. V. Taxonomic treatment. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 72:480-482.
Filer, Colin (Department of Anthropology & Sociology, University of Papua New Guinea). April 1991. Two shots in the dark: the first year of the task force on environmental planning in priority forest areas. [Published online : link here].
Florin, R. 1963. The distribution of conifer and taxad genera in time and space. Pinaceae. Acta Horti Bergiani 20:240-258.
Forest Inventory and Planning Institute. 1996. Vietnam forest trees. Hanoi: Agricultural Publishing House. Pp 1-23.
Fowells, H.A. (compiler). 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Franklin, Jerry F. and C.T. Dyrness. 1988. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univerity Press.
Gadek, P.A. and C.J. Quinn. 1993. An analysis of relationships within the Cupressaceae based on rbcL sequences. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80: 581-586.
Gentry, Howard Scott. 1942. Rio Mayo plants. Washington: Carnegie Institution.
Gray, N.E. 1956. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 37:160-172.
Gray, N.E. 1958 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 39:424-477.
Hall, N.; R.D. Johnston; and G.M. Chippendale. 1970. Forest trees of Australia, 3rd ed. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
Hamrick, J.L. and W.J. Libby. 1972. Variation and selection in western U.S. montane species. I. White fir. Silvae Genetica 21:29-35.
Harden, Gwen J. (ed.). 1990. Flora of New South Wales. Kensington, NSW, Australia : New South Wales University Press.
Hartesveldt, Richard J.; Harvey, H. Thomas; Shelhammer, Howard S.; Stecker, Ronald E. 1975. The giant sequoia of the Sierra Nevada. Washington DC: National Park Service.
An engaging but professional (if a bit dated) treatment of the largest conifer.
Cheng, W. C. and L. K. Fu, eds. 1987. Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae. Tomus 7: Gymnospermae. Beijing: Kexue Chubanshe.
In Chinese. English title, Flora of China - Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, and Angiospermae / Dicotyledoneae / Archichlamydeae.
Hartzell Jr., Hal. 1991. The yew tree: a thousand whispers. Eugene, Oregon: Hulogosi.
Holmes, Richard L.; Rex K. Adams and Harold C. Fritts. 1986. Tree-ring chronologies of western North America: California, eastern Oregon and northern Great Basin. Tucson: University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.
Hosie, R.C. 1969. Native trees of Canada, 7th ed. Ottawa.
Jaeger, Edmund C. 1969. Desert wild flowers. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hickman, James C. (ed.). 1993. The Jepson Manual. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Johnson, L.A.S. 1959. The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 84:64-117.
Jones, David L. 1993. Cycads of the world. Australia: Reed Books.
The well-illustrated current standard work. Offers considerable information on cultivation and propagation of cycads. Highly recommended.
Jacoby Jr., Gordon C., and J.W. Hornbeck. 1987. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecological Aspects of Tree-Ring Analysis.
T. Jaffré. 1995. Distribution and ecology of the conifers of New Caledonia. Pages 171-196 in Neal J. Enright and Robert S. Hill (eds.), Ecology of the Southern Conifers. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Knudsen, G.M. 1968. Chemotaxonomic investigation of hybridization between Larix occidentalis and Larix lyallii. M.Sc.F. thesis. University of Montana.
Lanner, Ronald M. 1974a. Natural hybridization between Pinus edulis and Pinus monophylla in the American southwest. Silvae Genetica 23:108-116.
Lanner, Ronald M. 1974b. A new pine from Baja California and the hybrid origin of Pinus quadrifolia. Southwest Naturalist 19:75-95.
Lanner, Ronald M. 1981. The piñon pine. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
Lanner, Ronald M. 1983. Trees of the Great Basin. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
Beautifully illustrated and filled with interesting tidbits on the species treated. Highly recommended.
de Laubenfels, David J. 1969. A revision of the Malesian and Pacific rainforest conifers, I. Podocarpaceae, in part. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 50:274-314.
de Laubenfels, David J. 1978. Blumea 24:189-190.
de Laubenfels, David J. 1982. Podocarpaceae. Flora de Venezuela 11(2):7-41.
de Laubenfels, David J. 1985. A taxonomic revision of the genus Podocarpus. Blumea 30:51-278.
de Laubenfels, David J. 1988. Coniferales. P. 337-453 in Flora Malesiana, Series I, Vol. 10. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Lester, D.T. 1968. Variation in cone morphology of balsam fir, Abies balsamea. Rhodora 70:83-94.
J.C. Lee, X.S. Yang, M. Schwartz, G. Strobel, and J. Clardy. 1995. The relationship between an endangered North American tree and an endophytic fungus. Chemistry and Biology 2(11): 721-727.
ABSTRACT
Background: The Florida torreya (Torreya taxifolia) began a catastrophic decline in the late 1950s and is now the rarest tree in North America for which a full species designation has been established. The trees have common plant disease symptoms, but the reason for the decline has never been identified. T. taxifolia's imminent extinction gains special poignancy through its close relationship to the Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), which produces the potent anticancer agent, taxol.
Results: An examination of the endophytic fungal communities of wild torreyas consistently found a filamentous fungus, Pestalotiopsis microspora, associated with diseased trees and also with most symptomless trees. P. microspora can be cultured in the laboratory, and when it is introduced into greenhouse-grown torreyas, it causes disease symptoms similar to those seen in the field. The fungus can then be reisolated from these deliberately infected trees. The phytotoxins pestalopyrone, hydroxypestalopyrone and pestaloside have been isolated and characterized from axenic fungal cultures, and both pestalopyrone and hydroxypestalopyrone can be isolated from artificially infected torreyas. In addition, pestaloside has antifungal activity against other fungal endophytes of T. taxifolia.
Conclusions: The filamentous Fungus, P. microspora, has an endophytic-pathologic relationship with T. taxifolia. The fungus resides in the inner bark of symptomless trees, and physiological or environmental factors could trigger its pathological activity. P. microspora produces the phytotoxins pestalopyrone, hydroxypestalopyrone, and pestaloside which give rise to the disease. Pestaloside, which also has antifungal activity, could reduce competition from other fungal endophytes within the host.
Li De-Zhu. 1997. A reassessment of Pinus subgen. Pinus in China. Notes Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 54(3): 347-349.
Li Nan and Fu Li-kuo. 1997. Notes on gymnosperms I. Taxonomic treatments of some Chinese conifers. Novon 7: 261-264.
Li Hiu-Lin. 1975. Flora of Taiwan, V.1, parts 1-8. Taipei: Epoch Publishing.
Little, Elbert L. Jr. and S.S. Pauley. 1958. A natural hybrid between black and white spruce in Minnesota. American Midland Naturalist 60:202-211.
Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1966. Varietal transfers in Cupressus and Chamaecyparis. Madroño 18:161-167.
Little, E. L. Jr. and W.B. Critchfield. 1969. Subdivisions of the genus Pinus. USDA Forest Service Miscellaneous Publication 1144.
Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1970. Names of New World cypresses (Cupressus). Phytologia 20:429-445.
Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States Trees (Native and Naturalized). Washington. P. 33-36 in Agricultural Handbook 541. Washington, DC: U.S.D.A.
Little, Elbert L. Jr. 1980. The Audubon Society field guide to North American trees. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
Useful photographs. Coverage is limited to the United States and Canada.
Liu Yeh-ching. 1970. Colored illustrations of important trees in Taiwan. Taiwan: publisher uncertain.
Liu Tang-Shui. 1971. A Monograph of the Genus Abies. Taipei: National Taiwan University.
MacKinnon, Andy; Jim Pojar and Ray Coupé (eds.). 1992. Plants of northern British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine.
The outstanding field guide for the area.
Maheshwari, P. and Vimla Vasil. 1961. Gnetum. Botanical Monograph No. 1. New Delhi: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research.
Marshall, J., N. Grobbelaar and J. Coetzee. 1989. Pollen morphology of the Cycadales with special reference to the Encephalartos species. Pollen et spores 31(3/4):229.
Mattson, D.J. and D.P. Reinhart. 1994. Bear use of whitebark pine seeds in North America. P. 212-220 in W.C. Schmidt and F.-K. Holtmeier (eds). Proceedings -- International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and their Environment: the Status of Our Knowledge. General Technical Report INT-GTR-309. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Forest Service Intermountain Research Station.
Maze, J. and W.H. Parker. 1983. A study of population differentiation and variation in Abies procera. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:1094-1104.
McMahan, L.R. 1989. Conservationists join forces to save Florida torreya. Center for Plant Conservation 4(1): 1, 8.
Milyutin, L.I. and K.D. Vishnevetskaia. 1995. Larch and larch forests of Siberia. P.50-53 in Schmidt, W.C. and K.J. McDonald (compilers). Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead; proceedings of an international symposium; Whitefish, Montana, U.S.A., October 5-9, 1992. Ogden, UT: U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-319.
Minnich, R.A. 1987. The distribution of forest trees in northern Baja California, Mexico. Madroño 34:98-127.
Mirov, Nicholas T. 1967. The genus Pinus. New York: The Ronald Press.
A bit dated, but still the bible of pines. Long out of print.
Mirov, Nicholas T., and Jean Hasbrouck. 1976. The story of pines. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mitchell, A.F., V.E. Hallett and J.E.J. White. 1990. Champion trees in the British Isles. Forestry Comission Field Book 10. 33p.
Molloy, B.P.J. 1995. Manoao (Podocarpaceae), a new monotypic conifer genus endemic to New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 33: 183-201.
Moore, David M. 1983. Flora of Tierra del Fuego. U.S.A.: Missouri Botanical Garden.
Morgenstern, E.K. and J.L. Farrar. 1964. Introgressive Hybridization in Red Spruce and Black Spruce. Toronto: University of Toronto, Fac. Forest., Technical Report 4.
Muir, John. 1894. The mountains of California. Many editions available, from various publishers. Also available online, courtesy of the Sierra Club, at http://yosemite.ca.us/john_muir_exhibit/writings/the_mountains_of_california/index.html.
Also see his 1909 volume, "Our national parks," and "The Yosemite," published 1912. Each of these contains a chapter on conifers found in the magnificent forests of the Sierra Nevada, and each draws heavily (often verbatim) on the descriptions found in "The mountains of California." "The Yosemite" and "Our national parks" each provide an additional chapter devoted to Sequoiadendron giganteum.
Murphy, J.O. and J.G. Palmer. 1992. Ring-width variation in sub-fossil wood samples as an indicator of short-term solar variability 2000 B.P. Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of Australia 10(1): 68-70.
Norstog, Knut J. and Trevor J. Nicholls. 1997. The biology of the cycads. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Norton, D.A. and John Ogden. 1990. Problems with the use of tree rings in the study of forest population dynamics. P.284-288 in E.R. Cook and L.A. Kairiukstis (eds.), Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences. Boston, MA: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Norton, D.A., and J. G. Palmer. 1992. Dendroclimatic evidence from Australasia. P.463-482 in R.S. Bradley and P.D. Jones (eds.), Climate Since A.D. 1500. London: Routledge Press.
Ogden, John and Peter W. Dunwiddie. 1982. Australasia. P. 90-104 in Malcolm K. Hughes et al. (eds.), Climate from tree rings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ogden, John. 1985. Past, present and future: studies on the population dynamics of some long-lived trees. P. 3-16 in James White (ed.), Studies on plant demography: A festschrift for John L. Harper. London: Academic Press.
Ohwi Jisaburo. 1965. Flora of Japan. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Oleksyn, Jacek; and Harold C. Fritts. 1991. Influence of climatic factors upon tree rings of Larix decidua and L. decidua × L. kaempferi from Pulawy, Poland. Trees 5:75-82.
Osawa, Akira. 1993. Dendroclimatological analysis of tree growth patterns. P. 55-58 in M. Fukuda, ed., Proceedings of First Symposium on Joint Siberian Permafrost Studies between Japan and Russia in 1992. Sapporo: Institute of Low Temperature Science.
Ostenfeld, C.H. and C. Syrach Larsen. 1930. The species of the genus Larix and their geographic distribution. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes-Selskabs Biologiske Meddelelser 9: 1-107.
Owens, J.N. and M. Molder. 1975. Pollination, female gametophyte, and embryo and seed development in yellow cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis). Canadian Journal of Botany 53:186-199.
Owens, J.N. and S. Simpson. 1986. Pollen from conifers native to British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 16:955-967.
Packee et al. 1981.
Loose end, cited in True Fir symposium volume.
Palmer, Eve and Norah Pitman. 1972. Trees of southern Africa, covering all known indigenous species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho & Swaziland. Cape Town: A.A. Balkema.
Palmer, J.G. 1989 A dendroclimatic study of Phyllocladus trichomanoides D.Don (tanehaka). Ph.D. dissertation.
Palmer, J., and J. Ogden. 1992. Tree-ring chronologies from endemic Australian and New Zealand conifers, 1800-30. P.510-515 in C.R. Harrington (ed.), The Year Without a Summer? World Climate in 1816. Ottawa, Ontario: Canadian Museum of Nature.
Parish, Roberta; Ray Coupé and Dennis Lloyd. 1996. Plants of southern interior British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine. 463p.
Parker, W.H. and T.A. Dickinson. 1990. Range-wide morphological and anatomical variation in Larix laricina. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:832-840.
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Payette, Serge; Gagnon, Réjean. 1985. Late Holocene deforestation and tree regeneration in the forest-tundra of Québec. Nature 313:570-572.
Any inquiry into the ecology of Picea mariana forests will turn up dozens of references by Serge Payette and his students. This is a good introduction.
Peattie, Donald Culross. 1950. A natural history of western trees. New York: Bonanza.
Illustrated with woodcuts by Paul Landacre and presenting considerable information (ca. 2-10 pages) on most species treated, i.e., those native to the western continental United States. Poetic. Offers some ethnobotanical detail.
Perry, Jesse P. 1991. The pines of Mexico and Central America. Portland, OR: Timber Press.
Outstanding recent treatment, with sections on geologic history, natural history, taxonomy, present status, and rare/endangered species.
Pilger, R.K.F. 1903. Taxaceae. V. 18[IV,5] p. 1-124 in H.G.A. Engler, ed., 1900 - 1953. Berlin: Das Pflanzenreich... .
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Pilger, R.K.F. 1926. Coniferae: Taxaceae. V. 13 p. 199-211 in H.G.A. Engler et al., eds., 1924+. Leipzig and Berlin: Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien..., ed. 2.
Pojar, Jim and Andy MacKinnon (eds.). 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast. Vancouver, BC: Lone Pine.
The outstanding field guide for the area.
Powell, G.R. 1987. Syllepsis in Larix laricina: Analysis of tree leaders with and without sylleptic long shoots. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17:490-498.
Price, R.A. 1990. The genera of Taxaceae in the southeastern United States. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 71:69-91.
Price, R.A., A. Liston and S.H. Strauss. 1998. Phylogeny and systematics of Pinus. P.49-68 in Richardson, D.M. (ed.), Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
Quinn, C.J. 1982. Taxonomy of Dacrydium Sol. ex Lamb. emend. de Laub. (Podocarpaceae). Australian Journal of Botany 30: 311-320.
Rehder, A.J. 1949. Bibliography of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the Cooler Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Jamaica Plain.
Richardson, D.M. (ed.). 1998. Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55176-5.
D.M. Richardson and Philip W. Rundel. 1998. Ecology and biogeography of Pinus: an introduction. P.3-46 in Richardson 1998.
Rodin 1953, American Journal of Botany 40:282-285.
Have lost the reprint, but it is a survey of the distribution and morphology of Welwitschia mirabilis.
Rushforth, K.D. 1987. Conifers. New York: Facts on File. 232p.
Rushforth, K.D. 1989. Two new species of Abies (Pinaceae) from western Mexico. Notes of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 46 (1): 101-109.
Salinger, M.J., J.G. Palmer, P.D. Jones and K.R. Briffa. 1994. Reconstruction of New Zealand climate indices back to AD 1731 using dendroclimatic techniques: some preliminary results. International Journal of Climatology 14:1135-1149.
Savage, T. 1983. A Georgia station for Torreya taxifolia Arn. survives. Florida Science 46:62-64.
Schmid, Maurice. 1981. Fleurs et plantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Les éditions du Pacifique. ISBN 2-85700-117-7, ISSN 0240-0936.
Schmidt, Wyman C. 1995. Around the world with Larix: an introduction. P.6-18 in Schmidt, W.C. and K.J. McDonald (compilers). Ecology and management of Larix forests: a look ahead; proceedings of an international symposium; Whitefish, Montana, U.S.A., October 5-9, 1992. Ogden, UT: U.S.D.A. Forest Service General Technical Report GTR-INT-319.
Schulman, Edmund. 1958. Bristlecone pine, oldest known living thing. National Geographic 113:355-372.
Schultes, Richard Evans, and Robert F. Raffauf. 1990. The healing forest: medicinal and toxic plants of the northwest Amazonia. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press.
Schuster, J. 1932. Cycadaceae. Vol. 99[IV,1], pp. l-168 in H.G.A. Engler, ed., 1900-1953. Berlin: Das Pflanzenreich.... .
Schwarz, O. and H. Weide. 1962. Systematische Revision der Gattung Sequoia Endl. Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 66:159-192.
Schmidt, W.C. 1994. Distribution of stone pines. P.1-7 in W.C. Schmidt and F.-K. Holtmeier (eds). Proceedings -- International Workshop on Subalpine Stone Pines and their Environment: the Status of Our Knowledge. General Technical Report INT-GTR-309. Ogden, Utah: U.S. Forest Service Intermountain Research Station.
Shaw, George Russell. 1909. The Pines of Mexico. Publications of the Arnold Arboretum No. 1. 30p.
Shaw, George Russell. 1914. The Genus Pinus. Publications of the Arnold Arboretum No. 5.
Silba, J. 1981. Revision of Cupressus L. (Cupressaceae). Phytologia 49:390-399.
Silba, J. 1986. An international census of the Coniferae. Phytologia memoir no. 8. Corvallis, Or.: H.N. Moldenke and A.L. Moldenke.
Smith, J. 1981a. Conifer at risk. National Parks Journal 25:14-15.
Sparks, R.J., W.H. Melhuish, J.W.A. McKee, John Ogden, J.G. Palmer and B.P.J. Molloy. 1995. 14C calibration in the Southern Hemisphere and the date of the last Taupo eruption: Evidence from tree-ring sequences. In G.T. Cook et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 15th International 14C Conference. Radiocarbon 37(2):155-163.
Sporne, K.R. 1965. The morphology of gymnosperms. London: Hutchinson & Co.
Stalter, R. and S. Dial. 1984. Environmental status of the stinking cedar. Bartonia 50:40-42.
Stevenson, D.W. 1987. Comments on character distribution, taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Zamia L. in the West Indies and Mexico. Encephalartos 9:3-7.
Stevenson, D.W. 1987. Again the West Indian zamias. Fairchild Tropical Garden Bulletin 42(3):23-27.
Stevenson, D. 1991. Flora of the Guianas, Series A: Phanerogams, Fascicle 9, Sections 208 Cycadaceae, 208.1 Zamiaceae, and 211 Podocarpaceae. USA/Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.
Stevenson, D. and T. Zanoni. 1991. Flora of the Guianas, Series A: Phanerogams, Fascicle 9, Sections 209 Gnetaceae and 210 Pinaceae. USA/Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books.
Stoltmann, Randy. 1987. Hiking guide to the big trees of southwestern British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Western Canada Wilderness Committee. 145p.
Sudworth, G.B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
Taylor, R.L. and S. Taylor. 1981. Taxus brevifolia in British Columbia. Davidsonia 12(4):89-94.
Thompson, J. and L.A.S. Johnson. 1986. Callitris glaucophylla, Australia's 'white cypress pine' -- A new name for an old species. Telopea 2:731-736.
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The authors have made a fairly earnest effort to provide color photographs of every conifer species. There's a strong emphasis on horticulture.
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The most recent comprehensive treatment of conifers.
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Weber, William A. 1987. Colorado Flora: Western Slope. Niwot, Colorado: University Press.
White, Mary E. 1994. The greening of Gondwana. Chatswood, NSW: Reed Books.
Beautifully illustrated nontechnical treatment of the development of Australia's flora from the lower Paleozoic to the present. Much of this story involves the development and radiation of gymnosperms.
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Zanoni, T.A. 1978. The American junipers of the section Sabina (Juniperus, Cupressaceae)--A century later. Phytologia 38:433-454.
Zanoni, T.A. and R.P. Adams. 1979. The genus Juniperus (Cupressaceae) in Mexico and Guatemala: Synonymy, key, and distributions of the taxa. Bol. Soc. Bot. México 38: 83--131.
Zavarin, E., K. Snajberk, and J. Fisher. 1975. Geographic variability of monoterpenes from the cortex of Abies concolor. Biochem. Syst. & Ecology 3:191-203.
This page is from the Gymnosperm Database
URL: http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Canopy/2285/refs.htm
Edited by Christopher J. Earle
E-mail:earlecj@earthlink.net
Last modified on 11-Mar-2000