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PBIO 250 Lecture Notes
James L. Reveal
Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland
Takhtajan System of Angiosperm Classification
2. Liliopsida Scop. (1760)
Aropsida Bartl. (1830)
Bromeliopsida Brongn. (1843)
Hydrocharitopsida Bartl. (1830)
Juncopsida Bartl. (1830)
Liriopsida Brongn. (1843)
Najadiopsida Hoffmanns. & Link (1809)
Orchidopsida Bartl. (1830)
Pandanopsida Brongn. (1843)
Phoenicopsida Brongn. (1843)
1. Liliidae Takht. (1967)
1. Lilianae Takht. (1967)
1. Melanthiales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
Veratrales Dumort. (1829)
1. Tofieldiaceae Takht. (1994)
2. Melanthiaceae Batsch, nom. cons. (1802)
Veratraceae Salisb. (1807)
3. Japonoliriaceae Takht. (1996)
4. Xerophyllaceae Takht. (1996)
5. Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon (1846)
Abaminaceae J. Agardh, nom. illeg. (1858)
Lophiolaceae Nakai (1943)
6. Heloniadaceae J. Agardh (1858)
7. Chionographidaceae Takht. (1996)
2. Colchicales Dumort. (1829)
1. Tricyrtidaceae Takht., nom. cons. prop. (1997)
Compsoaceae Horan. (1834)
2. Burchardiaceae Takht. (1996)
3. Uvulariaceae A. Gray ex Kunth, nom. cons. (1843)
4. Campynemataceae Dumort. (1829)
5. Scoliopaceae Takht. (1996)
6. Colchicaceae DC., nom. cons. (1805)
Bulbocodiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Merenderaceae Mirb. (1804)
7. Calochortaceae Dumort. (1829)
3. Trilliales Takht. (1996)
Paridales Dumort. (1829)
1. Trilliaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (1846)
Paridaceae Dumort. (1827)
4. Liliales Perleb (1826)
1. Liliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Erythroniaceae Martinov (1820)
Fritillariaceae Salisb. (1866)
Liriaceae Batsch (1786)
Tulipaceae Batsch (1786)
2. Medeolaceae (S. Wats.) Takht. (1987)
5. Alstroemeriales Hutch. (1934)
1. Alstroemeriaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
6. Iridales Raf. (1815)
Ixiales Lindl. (1835)
1. Isophysidaceae (Hutch.) F.A. Barkley (1948)
Hewardiaceae Nakai, nom. illeg. (1943)
2. Geosiridaceae Jonker, nom. cons. (1939)
3. Iridaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Crocaceae Vest (1818)
Galaxiaceae Raf. (1836)
Gladiolaceae Raf. (1838)
Ixiaceae Horan. (1834)
7. Tecophilaeales Traub ex Reveal (1993)
1. Ixioliriaceae (Pax) Nakai (1943)
2. Lanariaceae H. Huber ex R. Dahlgren & A.E. van Wyk (1988)
3. Walleriaceae (R. Dahlgren) Takht., nom. cons. prop. (1994)
Androsynaceae Salisb. (1866)
4. Tecophilaeaceae Leyb., nom. cons. (1862)
Conantheraceae (D. Don) Hook.f. (1873)
Cyanellaceae Salisb. (1866)
5. Cyanastraceae Engl., nom. cons. (1900)
6. Eriospermaceae Endl. (1841)
8. Burmanniales Heintze (1927)
1. Burmanniaceae Blume, nom. cons. (1827)
Tripterellaceae Dumort., nom. illeg. (1829)
2. Thismiaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
3. Corsiaceae Becc., nom. cons. (1878)
9. Hypoxidales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Hypoxidaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1814)
10. Orchidales Raf. (1815)
1. Orchidaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Apostasiaceae Lindl. (1833)
Cypripediaceae Lindl. (1833)
Limodoraceae Horan. (1847)
Neottiaceae Horan. (1834)
Neuwiediaceae (Burns-Bal. & V.A. Funk) R. Dahlgren ex
Reveal & Hoogland (1991)
Vanillaceae Lindl. (1835)
11. Amaryllidales Bromhead (1840)
Agavales Hutch. (1934)
Alliales Traub (1972)
Narcissales Dumort. (1829)
1. Hemerocallidaceae R. Br. (1810)
2. Hyacinthaceae Batsch (1786)
Eucomidaceae Salisb. (1866)
Lachenaliaceae Salisb. (1866)
Ornithogalaceae Salisb. (1866)
Scillaceae Vest (1818)
3. Alliaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
Agapanthaceae Voigt (1850)
Cepaceae Salisb. (1866)
Gilliesiaceae Lindl. (1826)
Milulaceae Traub (1972)
Themidaceae Salisb. (1866)
Tulbaghiaceae Salisb. (1866)
4. Hesperocallidaceae Traub (1972)
5. Hostaceae B. Mathew (1988)
Funkiaceae Horan., nom. illeg. (1834)
6. Agavaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1841)
Yuccaceae J. Agardh (1858)
7. Amaryllidaceae J. St.-Hil., nom. cons. (1805)
Brunsvigiaceae Horan. (1834)
Crinaceae Vest (1818)
Cyrtanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Galanthaceae G. Mey. (1836)
Gethyllidaceae Raf. (1838)
Haemanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Leucojaceae Batsch (1786)
Narcissaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Oporanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
Pancratiaceae Horan. (1847)
Strumariaceae Salisb. (1866)
Zephyranthaceae Salisb. (1866)
12. Asparagales Bromhead (1838)
Asteliales Dumort. (1829)
1. Convallariaceae Horan. (1834)
Aspidistraceae Endl. (1841)
Platymetraceae Salisb., nom. illeg. (1866)
Polygonataceae Salisb. (1866)
Tupistraceae Schnizl. (1846)
2. Ophiopogonaceae Endl. (1841)
Peliosanthaceae Salisb. (1866)
3. Ruscaceae Sprengl. ex Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
4. Asparagaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
5. Dracaenaceae Salisb. (1866)
Sansevieriaceae Nakai (1936)
6. Nolinaceae Nakai (1943)
7. Blandfordiaceae R. Dahlgren & Clifford (1985)
8. Herreriaceae Endl. (1841)
9. Phormiaceae J. Agardh (1858)
10. Dianellaceae Salisb. (1866)
11. Doryanthaceae R. Dahlgren & Clifford (1985)
12. Asteliaceae Dumort. (1829)
13. Asphodelaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
14. Aloaceae Batsch (1802)
15. Anthericaceae J. Agardh (1858)
Johnsoniaceae Lotsy (1911)
Laxmanniaceae Bubani (1901-1902)
16. Aphyllanthaceae Burnett (1835)
13. Xanthorrhoeales Takth., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Baxteriaceae Takht. (1996)
2. Lomandraceae Lotsy (1911)
Xerotaceae Endl., nom. illeg. (1838)
3. Dasypogonaceae Dumort. (1829)
Kingiaceae Endl. (1838)
4. Calectasiaceae Endl. (1838)
5. Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
14. Hanguanales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw (1965)
2. Dioscoreanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Stemonales Takht. (1995)
1. Stemonaceae Engl., nom. cons. (1887)
Roxburghiaceae Wall. (1832)
2. Croomiaceae Nakai (1937)
3. Pentastemonaceae Duyfjes (1992)
2. Smilacales Lindl. (1833)
1. Luzuriagaceae Lotsy (1911)
Eustrephaceae Chupov (1994)
Geitonoplesiaceae R. Dahlgr. ex Conran (1994)
2. Philesiaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
Lapageriaceae Kunth (1850)
3. Rhipogonaceae Conran & Cliffford (1985)
4. Smilacaceae Vent., nom. cons. (1799)
5. Petermanniaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
3. Dioscoreales Hook.f. (1876)
Tamales Dumort. (1829)
1. Stenomeridaceae J. Agardh, nom. cons. (1858)
2. Trichopodaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
3. Avetraceae Takht. (1997)
4. Dioscoreaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Tamaceae Martinov (1820)
Tamnaceae J. Kickx f. (1826)
4. Taccales Dumort. (1829)
1. Taccaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
2. Commelinidae Takht. (1967)
Zingiberidae Cronquist (1978)
1. Bromelianae R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Bromeliales Dumort. (1829)
1. Bromeliaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Tillandsiaceae Wilbr. (1834)
2. Velloziales R. Dahlgren ex Reveal (1992)
1. Velloziaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1841)
Acanthochlamydaceae (Shou C. Chen) P.C. Kao (1989)
Barbaceniaceae Arn. (1832)
2. Pontederianae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Philydrales Dumort. (1829)
1. Philydraceae Link, nom. cons. (1821)
2. Pontederiales Hook.f. (1876)
1. Pontederiaceae Kunth, nom. cons. (1816)
Heterantheraceae J. Agardh (1858)
Unisemataceae Raf. (1837)
3. Haemodorales Hutch. (1934)
1. Haemodoraceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Dilatridaceae M. Roem. (1840)
Wachendorfiaceae Herb. (1837)
Xiphidiaceae Dumort. (1829)
2. Conostylidaceae (Pax) Takht. (1987)
3. Zingiberanae Takht. ex Reveal (1993)
1. Musales Reveal (1997)
1. Strelitziaceae (K. Schum.) Hutch. (1934)
2. Musaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
3. Heliconiaceae (A. Rich.) Nakai (1941)
2. Lowiales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Lowiaceae Ridl., nom. cons. (1924)
3. Zingiberales Griseb. (1854)
Amomales Lindl. (1835)
1. Zingiberaceae Lindl., nom. cons. (1835)
Alpiniaceae R. Br. ex Rudolphi (1830)
Amomaceae J. St.-Hil. (1805)
Curcumaceae Dumort. (1829)
2. Costaceae (Meisn.) Nakai (1941)
4. Cannales Dumort. (1829)
1. Cannaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
2. Marantaceae Petersen, nom. cons. (1888)
4. Commelinanae Takht. (1967)
1. Commelinales Dumort. (1829)
1. Commelinaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Cartonemataceae Pichon, nom. cons. (1946)
Ephemeraceae Batsch, nom. illeg. (1802)
Tradescantiaceae Salisb. (1807)
2. Mayacales Nakai (1943)
1. Mayacaceae Kunth (1842)
3. Xyridales Lindl. (1846)
1. Xyridaceae C. Agardh, nom. cons. (1823)
Abolbodaceae Nakai (1943)
4. Rapateales Colella ex Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Rapateaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
5. Eriocaulales Nakai (1930)
1. Eriocaulaceae P. Beauv. ex Desv. (1828)
5. Hydatellanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Hydatellales Cronquist (1980)
1. Hydatellaceae U. Hamann, nom. cons. (1976)
6. Juncanae Takht. (1967)
1. Juncales Dumort. (1829)
1. Juncaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
2. Thurniaceae Engl., nom. cons. (1907)
2. Cyperales Hutch. (1934)
1. Cyperaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Caricaceae Burnett, nom. illeg. (1835)
Kobresiaceae Gilly (1952)
Papyraceae Burnett (1835)
Scirpaceae Batsch (1786)
7. Poanae Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Flagellariales Takht., nom. inval. (1997)
1. Flagellariaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
2. Restionales J.H. Schaffn. (1929)
1. Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C. Sm. (1970)
2. Restionaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Elegiaceae Raf. (1838)
3. Anarthriaceae D.F. Cutler & Airy Shaw (1965)
4. Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F. Cutler & Airy Shaw (1965)
3. Centrolepidales R. Dahlgren ex Takht. (1997)
1. Centrolepidaceae Endl., nom. cons. (1836)
Devauxiaceae Dumort., nom. illeg. (1829)
4. Poales Small (1903)
Avenales Bromhead (1838)
1. Poaceae (R. Br.) Barnh., nom. cons. (1895)
Aegilopaceae Martinov (1820)
Agrostidaceae Burnett (1835)
Alopecuraceae Martinov (1820)
Andropogonaceae Martinov (1820)
Anomochloaceae Nakai (1943)
Arundinaceae (Dumort.) Hochst. (1850)
Arundinellaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Avenaceae Martinov (1820)
Bambusaceae Burnett (1835)
Chloridaceae (Bercht. & J. Presl) Herter (1940)
Eragrostidaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Festucaceae (Dumort.) Herter (1952)
Gramineae Juss., nom. cons. et nom. alt. (1789)
Hordeaceae Burnett (1835)
Lepturaceae (Dumort.) Herter (1940)
Maydaceae Martinov, nom. illeg. (1820)
Melicaceae Martinov (1820)
Miliaceae Burnett (1835)
Nardaceae Martinov (1820)
Oryzaceae Burnett (1835)
Panicaceae Voigt (1845)
Pappophoraceae (Kunth) Herter (1940)
Parianaceae Nakai (1943)
Phalaridaceae Burnett (1835)
Pharaceae (Stapf) Herter (1940)
Saccharaceae Martinov (1820)
Spartinaceae Burnett (1835)
Sporobolaceae Herter (1941)
Stipaceae Burnett (1835)
Streptochaetaceae Nakai (1943)
Tristeginaceae (Link) Herter, nom. illeg. (1940)
Triticaceae Hochst. (1848)
Zeaceae A. Kern. (1891)
3. Arecidae Takht. (1967)
1. Arecanae Takht. (1967)
1. Arecales Bromhead (1840)
Cocosales Nakai (1930)
1. Arecaceae Schultz Sch., nom. cons. (1832)
Acristaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Borassaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Calamaceae Kunth ex Perleb (1838)
Ceroxylaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Chamaedoreaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Cocosaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Coryphaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Geonomataceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Iriarteaceae O.F. Cook & Doyle (1913)
Lepidocaryaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Malortieaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Manicariaceae O.F. Cook (1910)
Nypaceae Brongn. ex Le Maout & Decne. (1868)
Palmae Juss., nom. cons. et nom. alt. (1789)
Phoenicaceae Burnett (1835)
Phytellephaceae Mart. ex Perleb (1838)
Pseudophoenicaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
Sabalaceae Schultz Sch. (1832)
Sagaceae Schultz Sch., nom. illeg. (1832)
Synechanthaceae O.F. Cook (1913)
4. Alismatidae Takht. (1967)
1. Alismatanae Takht. (1967)
Butomanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
Najadanae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Butomales Hutch. (1934)
1. Butomaceae Rich., nom. cons. (1815)
2. Hydrocharitales Dumort. (1829)
Elodeales Nakai (1950)
Vallisneriales Nakai (1949)
1. Hydrocharitaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Blyxaceae (Aschers. & Gürcke) Nakai (1949)
Elodeaceae Dumort. (1829)
Enhalaceae Nakai (1943)
Stratiotaceae Link (1829)
Vallisneriaceae Link (1829)
2. Thalassiaceae Nakai (1943)
3. Halophilaceae J. Agardh (1858)
3. Najadales Dumort. (1829)
1. Najadaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
4. Alismatales Dumort. (1829)
1. Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist (1981)
2. Alismataceae Vent., nom. cons. (1799)
Damasoniaceae Nakai (1943)
Elismataceae Nakai, nom. illeg. (1943)
5. Aponogetonales Hutch. (1934)
1. Aponogetonaceae J. Agardh (1858)
6. Juncaginales Hutch. (1934)
Scheuchzeriales B. Boivin (1956)
1. Scheuchzeriaceae Rudolphi, nom. cons. (1830)
2. Juncaginaceae Rich. (1808)
Triglochinaceae Chev. (1827)
3. Lilaeaceae Dumort. (1829)
Heterostylaceae Hutch. (1934)
4. Maundiaceae Nakai (1943)
7. Potamogetonales Dumort. (1829)
Ruppiales Nakai (1950)
1. Potamogetonaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
Hydrogetonaceae Link (1829)
2. Ruppiaceae Horan. ex Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
8. Posidoniales Nakai (1943)
1. Posidoniaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
Cauliniaceae J. Presl, nom. illeg. (1846)
9. Cymodoceales Nakai (1943)
1. Zannichelliaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
2. Cymodoceaceae N. Taylor, nom. cons. (1909)
10. Zosterales Nakai (1943)
1. Zosteraceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
5. Triurididae Takht. ex Reveal (1992)
1. Triuridanae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Petrosaviales Takht. (1997)
1. Petrosaviaceae Hutch., nom. cons. (1934)
2. Triuridales Hook.f. (1876)
2. Triuridaceae Gardner, nom. cons. (1843)
Lacandoniaceae E. Martínes & Ramos (1989)
6. Aridae Takht. (1997)
1. Aranae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Arales Dumort. (1829)
1. Araceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Arisaraceae Raf. (1838)
Caladiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Callaceae Rchb. ex Bartl. (1830)
Cryptocorynaceae J. Agardh (1858)
Dracontiaceae Salisb. (1866)
Lentiscaceae Horan. (1843)
Orontiaceae Bartl. (1830)
Pothoaceae Raf. (1838)
2. Pistiaceae Rich. ex C. Agardh (1822)
3. Lemnaceae Gray, nom. cons. (1821)
Wolffiaceae Bubani (1901-1902)
2. Acorales Reveal (1996)
1. Acoraceae Martinov (1820)
2. Cyclanthanae Thorne ex Reveal (1996)
1. Cyclanthales Nakai (1930)
1. Cyclanthaceae Dumort., nom. cons. (1829)
3. Pandananae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Pandanales Lindl. (1833)
1. Pandanaceae R. Br., nom. cons. (1810)
Freycinetiaceae Brongn. ex Le Maout & Decne. (1868)
4. Typhanae Thorne ex Reveal (1992)
1. Typhales Dumort. (1829)
1. Sparganiaceae Rudolphi, nom. cons. (1830)
2. Typhaceae Juss., nom. cons. (1789)
Magnoliidae through Dilleniidae or Rosidae through Lamiidae
Next Series of Lecture Notes:
Cronquist System of Angiosperm Classification
Dahlgren System of Angiosperm Classification
Lecture Schedule
